such, the effects of exogenous stimulation of TRPV1 channels on thermoregulatory processes are more com- plicated than previously imagined [Ref. 58; see also a review by Hori (21)] and remain a topic of debate [see a review by Ayoub et al. (3)]. The primary reason for these controversial reports describing the effects of TRPV1 ligands might be that TRPV1 channels are involved in a broad range of functions distributed widely throughout the body from the peripheral organs to the brain (40), allowing them to be affected after agonist and antagonist administration through various path- ways. This complexity makes it difficult to address the issue of whether TRPV1 channels or any other type(s) of TRP channels expressed in the digestive tract play any role in diet-induced thermogenesis. This is because the systemic administration (including via the oral route) of agonists such as capsaicin inevitably affects TRPV1 channels distributed widely in the viscera, nervous system, and non-neuronal tissues, leading to various forms of thermoregulatory changes and hence obscur- ing the specific effects of their activation within the gastric wall.