Sochi ought to have demonstrated how different Russia today is from the ailing country Mr. Putin inherited in 2000. If the Games go off without any terrorist incident or serious political clash, and if Russian athletes excel, Sochi may well fulfill the Russian president’s immediate hopes. But the shiny new sports facilities only mask the deeper problems that Russia faces — a declining population, mortality rates for young men similar to those in sub-Saharan Africa, a growth rate predicted to remain at 1.4 percent for the next year and an economy that remains too dependent on the price of oil and on income from other energy exports.