Amongst the Chinese themselves a nationalist movement emerged which fostered a corporate identity amongst the Indonesian Chinese, pride in China and Chinese culture, and a sense of shame amongst the peranakan Chinese over their lack of command of the Chinese language and the extent to which Indonesian customs and beliefs had adulterated their style of life. It is significant that the forerunner of Chinese nationalism in Indonesia, the Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan (THHK—Chinese Association), was originally established in 1900 for the purpose of propagating a purified Confucianism and that the THHK felt that purpose could best be achieved by first of a multitude of modem organizations in which Indonesian Chinese were to congregate to pursue the aims of their group. There voluntary associations, which included every conceivable field of interest ranging from economic and political to religious or recreational, were diverse, but what they had in common was the mobilization of the Chinese in modern organizations rather than through the traditional boards of Dutch-appointed officers (kongkoan) or the secret societies. The now organizations inducted a much larger number of Chinese into organization life; and it was a life which did not extend similar membership to Indonesians. Not only did schools and a host of associations now flourish, but also a vigorous press consisting of newspapers and periodicals in either Chinese or Malay, catered for the Chinese population.
The Dutch met the challenge posed by the Chinese national awakening in the Indies by trying to wean away the locally-born Chinese from the immigrants. In 1908 they began to establish a new type of primary school exclusively for Chinese children in which Dutch was the medium of instruction (HCS-Hollands Chineesche Scholen). Befire this time very few Chinese children had been able to obtain a Dutch education; thereafter the peranakan Chinese showed a clear preference for it rather than a Chinese schooling. But the now schools still segregated the Chinese from the Indonesians, even if at secondary and tertiary level this was no longer the case. In 1910 a nationality law was passed by which all Chinese born in the Indies whose parents resided there were declared to be Dutch subjects (onderdanen) and in 1911 a consular agreement was entered into with the Chinese imperial government under which it was agreed that the nationality of the Chinese should be interpreted in each case in accordance with the law of the country of domicile. The combined effect of this law and the consular agreement was, in substance, to exclude the peranakan and Indies-born totok Chinese from the jurisdiction of the Chinese consuls (who began to arrive in the Indies in 1912). The imposition of this Dutch subject status with no right of repudiation was resented by the nationalist-minded Chinese, who pointed out that Dutch subjects who were Netherlanders were given more favorable treatment than those who were not. The nationality law of 1910 was designed to assert Dutch rights over the Indies-born Chinese against the claims made by the Chinese government in its nationality law of 1909. It was not intended to promote a sense of common nationality amongst the Indonesians and the Chinese born in the Indies. Similarly, when the Dutch government established the Volksraad (People's Council) in 1918, it was the Indies-born Chinese who were to be represented rather than the ethnic Chinese population; but at the same time, the Chinese were given separate representation from indigenous Indonesians (and a representation which was disproportionately large for their numbers).
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中国人自身の中で国家主義的な動きを育んだコーポレートアイデンティティ インドネシア中国、中国と中国の文化に誇りを持って、プラナカン中国語中国語やインドネシアの税関と信念を持っていた彼らのライフ スタイルを粗悪ないる程度のコマンドの欠如以上の中で恥の感覚の間で浮上しました。それは重要をインドネシア、Tiong Hoa むらさき公案で中国のナショナリズムの先駆者 (THHK — 中国協会)、もともと、精製を伝播するの目的のための 1900 年に設立されました儒教と、THHK 感じた目的ことができる最高のことされたインドネシア中国語が彼らのグループの目的を追求するために集まるためにモデムの組織の多数の最初のによって達成します。あらゆる考えられる興味ある分野の経済 / 政治的な宗教やレクリエーションに至る含まれています、自発的な連合あった多様なが彼らが共通していたオランダ語任命役員 (kongkoan) の伝統的なボードや秘密結社を通してではなく、近代的な組織の中国人の動員。今組織より多くの組織生活に中国語の殿堂そしてそれは人生をインドネシアに似たようなメンバーシップを拡張しなかった。中国の人口の団体今繁栄だけでなく、新聞、定期刊行物で中国語またはマレー語から成る積極的なプレスのホストの仕出し料理だけでなく、学校でした。 The Dutch met the challenge posed by the Chinese national awakening in the Indies by trying to wean away the locally-born Chinese from the immigrants. In 1908 they began to establish a new type of primary school exclusively for Chinese children in which Dutch was the medium of instruction (HCS-Hollands Chineesche Scholen). Befire this time very few Chinese children had been able to obtain a Dutch education; thereafter the peranakan Chinese showed a clear preference for it rather than a Chinese schooling. But the now schools still segregated the Chinese from the Indonesians, even if at secondary and tertiary level this was no longer the case. In 1910 a nationality law was passed by which all Chinese born in the Indies whose parents resided there were declared to be Dutch subjects (onderdanen) and in 1911 a consular agreement was entered into with the Chinese imperial government under which it was agreed that the nationality of the Chinese should be interpreted in each case in accordance with the law of the country of domicile. The combined effect of this law and the consular agreement was, in substance, to exclude the peranakan and Indies-born totok Chinese from the jurisdiction of the Chinese consuls (who began to arrive in the Indies in 1912). The imposition of this Dutch subject status with no right of repudiation was resented by the nationalist-minded Chinese, who pointed out that Dutch subjects who were Netherlanders were given more favorable treatment than those who were not. The nationality law of 1910 was designed to assert Dutch rights over the Indies-born Chinese against the claims made by the Chinese government in its nationality law of 1909. It was not intended to promote a sense of common nationality amongst the Indonesians and the Chinese born in the Indies. Similarly, when the Dutch government established the Volksraad (People's Council) in 1918, it was the Indies-born Chinese who were to be represented rather than the ethnic Chinese population; but at the same time, the Chinese were given separate representation from indigenous Indonesians (and a representation which was disproportionately large for their numbers).
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